For printed copies of this or other pollution prevention publications distributed by the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pollution Prevention, please call the Office of Pollution Prevention at 614/644-3469. A printed copy of the Office of Pollution Prevention publications distribution list, "Pollution Prevention Information Available from Ohio EPA", may also be ordered by calling 614/644-3469. Ohio EPA Fact Sheet Number 10 December 1992 Pollution Prevention Reductions in the Use of 1,1,1-Trichloroethane: Ohio Case Studies 1,1,1-trichloroethane is the most commonly used cleaning solvent reported under the Toxic Chemical Release Inventory in Ohio, but production will be phased out by the end of 1995. In early 1992, the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) discovered chlorine monoxide, considered to be one of the main agents of ozone layer destruction, in excessive amounts over North America. Chlorine monoxide is a chemical by-product of chloroflouro- carbons and other ozone depleters. The amount detected was considered excessive because they were far greater than original predictions. The latest information from NASA provided the impetus behind the United States' directive to accelerate the phase-out of ozone layer depleting chemical production by the end of 1995. The production phase-out date for chloroflourocarbons, halons, carbon tetrachloride, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA), also known as methyl chloroform, has been moved from the year 2000 to December 31, 1995. This has motivated companies to accelerate their search for chemical alternatives. In addition to being an ozone depleting chemical, spent TCA is a listed hazardous waste. How much of an effect does the production phase-out of TCA have on industry? In the United States there are approximately 50,000 vapor degreasers using 528 million pounds of chlorinated solvents. It is estimated that of the chlorinated solvents used in vapor degreasers across the U.S., 60% is TCA (Koelsch, 1992). The following case studies represent successful efforts nd cost savings in aerospace, metal container, metal and electrical parts, casting , weld inspection, silkscreen cleaning, painting and lubricant applications. The case studies document the efforts of Ohio companies to reduce or eliminate TCA. The companies have overcome obstacles and barriers to achieve this, and are willing to let others benefit from their experiences. The Ohio EPA believes these companies are pioneers in setting the standard for pollution prevention in Ohio. They are commended for their outstanding efforts. Aerospace Guidance and Metrology Center (Cleaning inertial guidance and navigation system components) The Aerospace Guidance and Metrology Center (AGMC) in Heath, Ohio, is responsible for the repair of inertial systems and components used in the majority of the aircraft and missile systems in the U.S. Air Force. The sophisticated assemblies that form the nucleus of inertial guidance and navigation systems are extremely susceptible to micro- scopic contamination. System failure can be caused by a particle less than one micron (one millionth of a meter) in diameter. As a result great care must be taken to assure consistently clean components leave the facility. In the past, the extensive precision cleaning, of these components was performed with ozone layer depleting compounds includ- ing 1,1,1-tri-chloroethane. After extensive testing and development by AGMC personnel, aqueous processes were determined suitable for the precision cleaning of the vast majority of the Center's parts and assemblies, which consist of various metals, epoxies and plastics. The aqueous process parameters, include water temperature, detergent solution, wash time, rinse time, water quality and the proper orientation and loading of parts in the cleaning equipment, can all be manipulated to properly clean most parts and assemblies without damage. One exception has been those parts which, because of their fragile nature, cannot withstand the surface tension of water. There are very few parts that fit this category. The establishment of an aqueous precision cleaning center concept resulted in the reduction of TCA use and in better control over the consistency of cleaning. Four precision cleaning centers have been put into operation and twelve more are to be completed by August, 1993. The overall goal at AGMC is to eliminate the use of all ozone layer- depleting solvents by the end of 1994. The reduction in the use of TCA alone will be over 50,000 pounds per year. Ball Metal Container Division (Cleaning machine parts, die sets and printing blankets) Ball Metal Container Division in Findlay, Ohio is the largest produc- ing facility for aluminum cans and ends in the world. With the large volume produced, any fractional savings in the operation can be significant. After the successful implementation of several source reduction technologies, on October 1, 1990, Ball stopped using TCA for all clean-up and processing except for electrical contact cleaner. Ball implemented a water soluble, biodegradable cleaner for cleaning their printing blankets, die sets and machine parts. Isopropyl alcohol is used for general parts cleaning. The only constraint to the product substitution was the initial employee resistance. It was described as a 24-hour shock to the system, as the employees were reluctant to implement the change they felt was not entirely needed. However, after a short period the employees accepted the new method. Now, the employees would not go back to using TCA because the new cleaner does not have all of the waste handling interruptions and policies. An unexpected benefit of the new product is that it increased the life of the printing plates and blankets. It was determined that the TCA actually dried the plates and blankets out thus reducing their effeffectiveness. This product substitution prevented approximately 150,000 pounds of TCA from entering the waste stream over a two year period. Hazardous waste disposal costs dropped by $41,000 per year, with a purchase savings of $64,900 in 1990 alone. In addition, air emissions were reduced at the Findlay facility. The consumption of natural gas used to fire the incinerators was also reduced by $16,000 per month because of the process substitution. Copeland Corporation (Electric motor cold-cleaning) At the Wapakoneta, Ohio plant, Copeland Corporation remanufactures and assembles new compressors for residential air-conditioning systems. The materials used for remanufacturing the compressors are cold rolled steel and salvaged parts from field failure compressors. Before the process change, the field compressors were cut open and disassembled. The electric motors were removed and cold cleaned in TCA to remove burnt oils and residues. In February 1990, Copeland Corporation imple- mented equipment and process modifications to replace 1,1,1-trichloro- ethane. In the search for an effective substitution to TCA, Copeland encoun- tered several obstacles. The first product the company used as a replacement was a citrus based terpene. Although non-toxic, the fruit smell of the product made the operator nauseous. Copeland then switched to a petroleum based product which is non-hazardous and has no odor. In addition, the company had a quality concern regarding the residue that must be removed from compressor parts prior to assem- bling. Residue lodged in electric motors can cause the motor to short out and fail early. All cleaning compounds had to be compatible with freon which is used in compressor systems. The petroleum based product was able to attain all of these goals. Since the process change, electric motors from field failure compres- sors are cold cleaned in the petroleum based product. The benefits of the modification have been improvements in health and safety for employees at the Wapakoneta facility. Operators are no longer working with fumes from TCA. In addition, waste disposal costs decreased from $630 per drum of spent TCA to $140 per drum of non-hazardous spent petroleum based substitute. In the past Copeland used 6 drums of TCA over an 8-week period now Copeland uses 4 drums of the petroleum based substitute. The petroleum based substitute does not evaporate as quickly and absorbs the oil from the parts better than the TCA. Crown Equipment Corporation (Vapor degreasing metal parts) Crown Equipment Corporation, Bremen, Ohio, manufactures electric lift trucks and antennae rotators. In 1988, 208,000 pounds of TCA were used at Crown in cold cleaning degreasing and the operation of two vapor degreasers. The substitution project began in 1990, with bench testing of the various parts. Metallurgical testing was performed prior to deciding on the best equipment to purchase. Crown first substituted a water based cleaning compound in cold cleaning (dip) operations. Two large vapor degreasers were removed and replaced with a series of agitating wash tanks. This central cleaning system employs a wash, rinse, rust inhibiting and drying stage to clean parts. No change in the production rate was required as a result of the new process. New waste streams generated include 900 gallons of oily wastewater that is treated on site every two weeks. Energy usage is expected to rise as a result of the additional heating requirements of the water based wash tanks. Following the implementation of this project, TCA use was eliminated. The agitating technology utilized for this project was commercially available. The central cleaning system was purchased "off the shelf." The chemistry was customized to meet the cleaning requirements that Crown required and to provide adequate rust protection. The biggest obstacle Crown faced was providing the capital outlay required to pur- chase the equipment. Operation and maintenance costs remain the same for the new equipment as compared to vapor degreasing. The payback period is ten months for the entire project. This figure is based on the purchase of 17,175 gallons of TCA in 1989, at a cost of $103,000. The purchase of the central washing equipment was $78,000 with an additional $3,000 in chemical costs. Benefits of the project included cost savings, improved public rela- tions and improved employee safety. It has reduced regulatory re- quirements through a reduction in hazardous waste materials sent out for disposal. Non-hazardous waste streams that had previously been contaminated by the solvent are no longer rendered hazardous by such contamination. This project has allowed Crown to drop TCA from its Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act reporting requirements, and reduced the liability for Crown in sending the listed wastes to disposal facilities. The Duriron Company (Cleaning of wax patterns and etching operations) In 1989, the Foundry Division at Duriron located in Dayton, Ohio, began investigating alternatives to TCA used in wax pattern cleaning and etching operations. The wax patterns used in the casting process come out of the wax injection press coated with a silicon based mold release. This material must be cleaned off the wax pattern to develop the ceramic shell around the wax pattern that is used in the casting process. Historically, at Duriron, TCA has been used for this purpose. An initial constraint of the replacement was the cleaning effective- ness, and the substitution had to "soften" the outer layer of the wax pattern to a depth of several microns. Following a year of experimentation, the Duriron Company converted to using a citrus derivative material mixed with a surfactant and water. Although the replacement was more expensive than TCA, it eliminated 17,000 pounds of TCA emissions to the air a year, 7,000 pounds per year of TCA to the POTW and 1,000 pounds per year in hazardous waste shipments. The new citrus based material was biodegradable and had no identifi- able environmental hazards, however, Duriron continued to look for a safer alternative. Experimentation through 1990 resulted in a switch to a solution of dishwashing detergent and water. As a result of the conversion to the dishwashing detergent, Duriron has an investment casting foundry that is completely free of VOC emissions. There was no capital cost associated with the product substitution, and Duriron realized an annual cost savings of $19,200 per year. On a separate note, the Pump Division of Duriron has completely replaced TCA for metal degreasing by utilizing a water soluble biode- gradable cleaner and heated power parts washers. This conversion resulted in a reduction of hazardous waste shipments containing TCA of nearly 6,000 pounds per year. Air emissions of TCA were reduced by 1,000 pounds per year. General Dynamics Land Systems (Inspection of weld integrity) The General Dynamics Army Tank Plant in Lima, Ohio, fabricates, assembles and tests the M1A1 tank. The Lima plant formerly used a dye penetrant with 1,1,1-trichloroethane as a means of evaluating the integrity of welds on tanks. A conversion was made to a magnetic particle process which is used on approximately 90% of aided visual in- spections performed at the plant. With the process substitution the Lima facility reduced the usage of TCA by 88%. In 1990, approximately 50,000 pounds of TCA was used, in 1992 the total usage is expected to be only 6,000 pounds. The implementation of the magnetic particle testing procedure was not an easy task. Traditionally, the equipment required to perform this testing is bulky and not accessible in confined spaces. By working with the equipment manufacturer, the yokes which provide the magnetic field, were modified making them more flexible, smaller and easier to handle. The cost savings associated with the conversion amounted to $100,000 per year. The total cost to implement the project was $50,000, which amounts to a payback period of six months. Another advantage with using the magnetic particle testing is that it takes less time to perform the steps leading to the actual inspection. Guardian Automotive Products (Cleaning on-line silkscreen machines) Guardian Automotive Products in Upper Sandusky, Ohio, manufactures laminated windshields for the automotive industry. 1,1,1-trichloro- ethane is used in a silkscreening process in which a decorative paint band is applied around the external edge of the windshield. Occasion- ally, the screen will cause misprints and become clogged. In these situations, the solvent is used to clean on-line problems. The use of TCA was reduced almost completely by replacing it with another sol- vent. The replacement solvent is equally effective as a cleaner and has a lower evaporation rate than TCA, which reduces the amount of raw materials purchased. The major obstacle encountered during the project was finding a replacement solvent to clean the silkscreens that would not damage the screen. A majority of the solvents tested proved to be either inef- fective or caused damage to the screens. The final replacement for TCA does not clean as aggressively or dry as quickly but it does protect the screen. The waste stream has been reduced from 18,150 pounds of TCA disposed offsite in 1990, to 7,425 pounds in 1991. This reduction is continued through 1992,and will proceed into 1993 until TCA is completely phased-out. The purchase of TCA has been reduced from 118,800 pounds in 1990 to 10,800 pounds in 1991. The raw material cost savings as a result of the process change amounts to $60,000 per year. Waste disposal cost savings are negligible because of the volatility of TCA. The environmental benefits include increased worker safety, and the reduction of fugitive emissions. Kovatch Castings Company (Cleaning wax patterns) Kovatch Castings Company in Uniontown, Ohio, is a ferrous and non- ferrous investment foundry. The silicone mold spray which covers the wax patterns has typically been removed with 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Wax patterns are degreased in TCA and coated repeatedly with a ceramic shell material. TCA is used at room temperature in its natural liquid state. The wax patterns are dipped several times in TCA until all traces of the silicone mold release spray are removed. Kovatch has implemented changes to reduce the use of the solvent by reclaiming and reusing it, and is investigating replacement products. Costs savings are the result of source reduction and recycling of TCA. Proper management skills and improved housekeeping, decreased TCA usage from 880 gallons in 1990 to 605 gallons in 1991. The projected usage of TCA for 1992 is about 550 gallons. One of the housekeeping methods that reduced emissions involves always keeping the drums of TCA covered when not in use. Past alternatives to TCA have included a citrus derivative but this did not achieve cleaning standards. If a detergent based cleaner is found to successfully clean the wax patterns, a rinse station and dry station will be added to the process. A major constraint to substituting TCA is the wax starts to soften and possibly deform at temperatures as low as 95o F. This is unacceptable as the dimensional tolerances on the waxes can be as close as + or - 0.005 inches. The rinse and drying stations must be monitored very carefully because of the temperature instability of the wax patterns. The quality control on this procedure will have a computer controlled processing and monitoring system to continually verify the temperature of the rinse water and the drying air. Liebel-Flarsheim (General metal parts cleaning) Liebel-Flarsheim, Cincinnati, Ohio, is a manufacturer of specialty X- ray products, head stands, grids, contrast injectors and syringes. The implementation of an "environmental quality circle" at Liebel- Flarsheim resulted in a reduction of 1,1,1-trichloroethane releases of 99%. In 1987, total releases of TCA for the year were approximately 31,396 pounds. At the end of 1992, releases for the year were expected to be 100 pounds. With the implementation of an aqueous cleaning process Liebel removed all old degreasing equipment. In addition, Liebel worked with their suppliers to eliminate redundant cleaning. Plastic molding operations are being moved into a clean room environ- ment, eliminating the need for parts cleaning. Plated parts are being substituted for stainless steel or plastic materials, which further reduces the need to clean or chemically plate. The major benefit of the process substitution for Liebel-Flarsheim has been a tremendous cost savings. Chemical purchases have been reduced by $19,000, equip- ment maintenance has been reduced by $12,000, and operating labor costs have been reduced by $22,000 as a result of the substitution. In addition, increased worker safety as a result of the substitution has elevated employee morale. The Lincoln Electric Company (Solvent based spray painting and general parts cleaning) The Lincoln Electric Company in Cleveland, Ohio, manufactures arc welding products and industrial motors. The use of 1,1,1-trichloro- ethane has been reduced from 912,000 pounds in 1987 to 473,000 pounds in 1991, through material and product substitutions. The reduction of TCA usage from 1987 to the present has been achieved by substituting powder coatings for red and black spray paints, and by installing aqueous-based washer systems instead of vapor degreasers for pre- cleaning parts. At the present time the grey spray paints used in the facility are being converted to powder coatings. The process substi- tution will eliminate several of the remaining vapor degreasers. Lincoln is investigating water based dip paints which will eliminate the solvent based systems currently in use. The elimination of these dip paints will reduce the use of TCA by 160,000 pounds. The TCA reduction program has been extremely complex and required the coopera- tion of the Quality Assurance, Machine Research and Development, Methods and Plant Engineering Departments. Lincoln verifies that the quality is equivalent to or better than the product prior to imple- menting a new idea. The capital costs for substituting powder coatings for red and black spray paints and installing water-based washer systems were approxi- mately $4,000,000. The cost of converting to grey powder coatings is $3,500,000 with a savings of approximately $750,000 per year. Cur- rently, vapor degreasers are used to clean parts in process, in main- tenance areas and prior to painting in some manufacturing areas. Vapor degreasers will be eliminated by installing aqueous-based washers. The project has approached the vapor degreaser elimination problem by bringing in-house several types of water-based cleaning machines. The cleaning machines are combined with a number of chemi- cal cleaners for evaluation by the research and development section. The cost of the aqueous-based washer project is estimated to be $750,000. Lincoln is hoping to achieve the right combination of cleaners and equipment, to eliminate TCA usage in the facility by the end of 1992. The primary benefit of the reduction of TCA is the improved quality and safety of the work environment. The powder coatings and the aqueous based washers have also improved the quality of the products and have done so at a lower operating cost. Luke Engineering & Manufacturing (General Parts Cleaning) Luke Engineering & Manufacturing in Wadsworth, Ohio, is a job aluminum finishing operation serving a broad industrial base, including automo- tive, aerospace, defense, rail, tire, electronic, medical and other industries. Machining lubricants, oxides, scales, etc. are removed to prepare the metal for finishing. In the past this procedure was initiated with TCA to eliminate surface oil, grease and dirt. Luke Engineering & Manufacturing is moving many of its cleaning jobs to an agitated wash and rinse station to accomplish this. Approximately 30% of the company's business has been switched to this type of cleaning. Luke is moving one customer at a time to the new process in order to ascertain the extent and types of problems which occur. The goal of Luke is to eventually eliminate the use of chlorinated hydrocarbons by replacing them with biodegradable water based alkaline cleaners. The major barrier faced by Luke is a requirement for the degreasing of parts prior to and after the operation with TCA. In most cases it is a government weapons specification requirement. Luke has made numer- ous attempts to remove this requirement. Recently, with the help of Westinghouse engineers and the Navy, Luke replaced TCA with an alkaline cleaner used on a major weapons system. Luke has discovered a slight labor increase as a result of the process substitution. However, this increase has been offset by a savings in the alkaline cleaner over the chlorinated solvent. The capital cost of the equipment, much of which Luke built itself, cost about $7,500. The payback period is expected to be less than one year when the cost savings between the alkaline cleaner and the TCA is taken into account. Perfection Finishers, Incorporated (General parts cleaning) Perfection Finishers, Incorporated located in Wauseon, Ohio, executes painting, plating, finishing and decorating operations on glass, plastic and metal. After a year of testing the company has eliminated the use of 1,1,1-trichloroethane as a degreaser by switching to a biodegradable citrus based cleaning compound made from orange peels. The substitution resulted in a reduction in the use of TCA from 97,000 pounds in 1989, to zero pounds of TCA used in 1991. The citrus-based cleaner material is a biodegradable commercial grade cleaning compound. A power spray line was added to try to degrease parts on the production line using this new system. It took approxi- mately six months to work out the bugs in the process substitution. TCA was completely replaced by the new process and is no longer stored or used at the facility as of February, 1991. The company has saved a substantial amount of money as a result of the switch from TCA to the citrus based degreasing product. In the past approximately 55 gallons of TCA was used per day. The biggest constraint was justifying the capital costs to support the process substitution. Although the substitution was expected to achieve a cost savings, because of the small size of the company, it is often difficult to make changes. The substitution in the production line not only helped reduce the cost of operation, but it also has prevented the release of 35 tons of TCA. Perfection Finishers has witnessed a cost savings of $40-50,000 a year as a result of the process substitution. Republic Engineered Steels, Incorporated (Electrical and metal part cleaning and defect testing) Republic Engineered Steels, Inc. in Canton, Ohio, produces high quality bar and specialty steels. in the past 1,1,1-trichloroethane had been utilized in the motor cleaning operation and to a lesser degree as a drying media to detect surface defects in a non-destruc- tive testing application. In the original process, TCA was heated to create the vapor used for degreasing electrical and mechanical parts. As the parts hung in the tank from an overhead crane, the vapor con- densed on parts and removed the grease and oils. A condensation process was used to recover the vapor to use for pressure rinsing of parts. This process required the purchase of 30,000 pounds per year of TCA. The process generated air emissions and 12 drums per year of hazardous waste sludge consisting of grease, oil, TCA and clay absor- bent. After several months of study, an environmentally safe detergent-based product was found. The existing operation was modified to use the steam and detergent agent. The new process utilizes steam, high pressure water and a detergent mixture. For implementation, Republic installed a new stainless steel collection tank and plant steam was converted to a package steam generator. The new cleaning process eliminated the use of city water for cooling the condensate. Parts are now sprayed with all or part of the new system based on the grease and oil levels. Electrical parts are put into a bake oven overnight to drive out moisture inherent to the new process. This moisture must be removed from electrical insulation before further work can be per- formed. A new washing tank, steam generator and disposal system was developed, fabricated and put into service. As a result of the substitution, 600 to 700 gallons of soap are used in place of 30,000 pounds of TCA per year. The maintenance hours have decreased from 96 to 32 man hours per year. Operating costs have decreased from $28,000 to $5,900 per year. A constraint of the new process is the additional time it takes to clean the parts. However, carbon dust is removed by the new process which the TCA was not able to remove. An additional constraint was finding an appropriate deter- gent with a moderate pH level and low toxicity, because Republic did not want to impact the Water Quality Control Center and NPDES permit- ting. The available commercial parts washing systems were rejected by Repub- lic because of the high capital costs. The detergent was specifically designed to meet Republic's needs for a detergent with a moderate pH that was anti-foaming and non-toxic. Republic estimates a net savings of $22,000, with less than a one year payback time. Senco Products (Solvent based staple lubricant) Senco, Cincinnati, Ohio, is a manufacturer and distributor of air- powered fastening systems including nails and staples which are used in a variety of industrial applications. Senco has initiated several projects to reduce the amount of TCA used. TCA was used as a staple lubricant to facilitate the smooth flow of wire from the staple machine. Senco devoted 2.5 man years to identify a substitute that was effective as TCA. The product substitution had to be tested in-plant and with customers. The cleaning effectiveness was one of the major constraints to finding a replacement. If the wire is not consistently clean the staples will not hold together as well. This increases the amount of scrap and even more damaging, could result in staples falling apart at the customer site. Implementation of the oil-based lubricant began in early 1991, with an 80% reduction of TCA expected by the by the end of 1992. A staged implementation plan has been used by Senco to complete the product substitution on 152 different pieces of equipment. Emissions of TCA were reduced from 641,000 pounds in 1989 to 388,000 pounds in 1991. This amounts to an overall reduction of 39%. Additional projects in 1992 were expected to reduce this chemical by another 70%. Senco has not found any significant waste disposal savings or purchase cost savings as a result of the product substitution. This has been a major step in meeting Senco's corporate goal of a 90% reduction rate for all VOCs by 1995. A substitution for the TCA lubricant was a major success in realizing that goal. Van Dorn Plastic Machinery Company (Machine cleaning) Van Dorn Plastic Machinery Company in Strongsville, Ohio, manufactures plastic injection molding machines. Prior to the process substitution the machines were cleaned before painting with chlorinated solvent blends and virgin 1,1,1-trichloroethane by means of a pressure washer. This method of washing generated 120 gallons of waste solvent for every machine washed. The net result was the generation of 19,000 gallons of hazardous waste. One of the major constraints was the need to maintain the water tight integrity of the electrical components on the machines. This was a problem with the water-based substitutions because they did not evaporate as quickly as TCA. Other constraints included finding a water based soap solution that had a rust inhibitor package or the bare metal surfaces would have experienced flash rusting. The soap solution had to be strong enough to remove all contamination without leaving an alkaline residue on the surface of the metal. Following an extensive investigation Van Dorn implemented an alkaline soap solution that had acceptable cleaning characteristics and a sufficient rust inhibitor package. The solution is applied by means of a steam cleaner application. The company found the proper temperature ranges to accomplish the cleaning of the machinery without sacrificing the quality of the product. The alkaline soap solution had an evapora- tion rate equal to water, so it was necessary to use forced air to accelerate dry time. The results of the above actions allowed Van Dorn to reduce the chlorinated solvent waste stream from 19,000 gallons per year down to zero gallons per year. In addition, within two months, the money that would have been spent on disposal of TCA paid for two steam cleaners and the first two drums of alkaline soap solution. In addition to the enormous cost savings the process substitution provided a safer working environment for employees and helped Van Dorn reduce liabili- ties in the management of the TCA waste stream. Beyond TCA In all of the above cases, these businesses overcame significant obstacles. We do not want to neglect that these changes sometimes lead to other concerns, such as wastewater treatment or worker exposure issues. In all cases, consider these points in your own operations, and try to minimize these problems, especially through source reduc- tion of any substitutes. You may contact the people below for further details. Company Contacts Aerospace Guidance and Metrology Center AGMC/CN Newark AFB, OH 43057-0013 Don Hunt Chief Scientist (614) 522-7712 Ball Metal Container 12340 Township Road 99 East Findlay, Ohio 45840-9795 Rodney T. Houchins Human Resources/Environ-mental Coordinator (419) 423-3071 Copeland Corporation 751 Industrial Drive Wapakoneta, Ohio 45895-0428 Ken Fisher Environmental Coordinator (419) 738-9234 Crown Equipment Corporation 40 South Washington Street New Bremen, Ohio 45869 Brian J.Duffy Environmental Manager (419) 629-2311 The Duriron Company, Inc. P.O. Box 8820 Dayton, Ohio 45401 Stephen C. Wilson Director Environmental Affairs (513) 476-6138 General Dynamics Land Systems Division 1161 Buckeye Road Lima, Ohio 45804-1898 Clete Hoersten Sr. Environmental Engineer (419) 221-8318 Guardian Automotive Products RR#5, State Route 67 South P.O. Box 336 Upper Sandusky, Ohio 43351 Jeffrey D. Warner Environmental Technician (419) 294-4921 Kovatch Castings Company 3743 Tabs Drive Uniontown, Ohio 44685 Michael Sparrow Chief Engineer (216) 896-9944 Liebel-Flarsheim Company 211 E. Galbraith Road Cincinnati, Ohio 45215-6305 Walt Orlow Vice President of Manufacturing (513) 761-2700 The Lincoln Electric Company 22801 St. Clair Avenue Cleveland, Ohio 44117-1199 John Petkovsek Plant Environmental Engineer (216) 481-8100 Luke Engineering & Manufacturing P.O. Box 478 Wadsworth, Ohio 44281 F. P. Hayduk President (216) 335-1502 Perfection Finishers, Inc. 1151 North Ottokee Wauseon, Ohio 43567 Karl Shook Plant Manager (419) 337-8015 Republic Engineered Steels, Inc. 2633 8th Street N.E. Canton, Ohio 44704 Eric D. Howland Manager Power and Utilities (216) 438-5306 Senco Products, Inc. 8485 Broadwell Road Cincinnati, Ohio 45244 Anthony J. Muto Secretary (513) 388-2914 Van Dorn Plastic Machinery Company Inc. 1792 Alameda Drive Strongsville, Ohio 44136 James Erclauz Facilities Engineer (216) 238-8960 Additional Information James R. Koelsch. 1992. Clean or Green? Manufacturing Engineering, March 1992. vol. 108. pp. 75-78. Richard Bizzozero and Dave Geschwind, 1992. The New Technology Work- book. Mass. Office of Technical Assistance Boston, MA. Bob Carter. August 1992. Solvents-The Alternatives. Waste Reduction Resource Center for the Southeast, Raleigh, NC. Mitch Kennedy. 1992. The Solvents Bazaar: A Cooperative Effort Between Government and Industry. The Office of Technical Assistance for Toxics Use Reduction. Boston, MA. U.S. EPA. 1991. Alternatives for CFC-113 and Methyl Chloroform in Metal Cleaning. EPA/400/1-91/019. U.S. EPA, Office of Air and Radia- tion. Washington, D.C. Katy Wolf. 1992. An analysis of Alternatives to Ozone Depleting Solvents in Cleaning Applications. Pollution Prevention Review, Vol. 2, No. 1. Spring 1992. This is the tenth in a series of fact sheets that the Ohio EPA has prepared on Pollution Prevention. For more information on 1,1,1- trichloroethane reduction including two fact sheets on alternatives to ozone layer-depleting solvents in metal parts cleaning and in the printed circuit board industry, call the Office of Pollution Preven- tion at (614) 644-3469.