|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
According to the American Chemical Society (ACS)
unused chemicals make-up 40% or
more of the hazardous waste stream generated. |
|
|
|
Costs incurred as a result of this are:
analytical expenses of unknowns, storage, packaging, transport and
disposal, and the increased risk of accidents by long term storage of a chemical. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Inventory |
|
Rotate stock: “first-in, first-out” |
|
Address shelf life issues. |
|
Use surplus chemicals within an organization or
distribute to others via a chemical/material exchange. |
|
Complete an inventory review at least one time
per year. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Stanford University, University of Michigan, for lab chemical programs. |
|
The Air
Force tracks the use of hazardous materials from the initial request until
reuse, recycling, treatment or disposal. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Opened in February 1998 tracking and recovering
hazardous materials containers. |
|
|
|
First year savings of $230,000. |
|
|
|
Estimate saving $200,000 per year in avoiding
hazardous waste disposal costs, due to proper storage conditions, operating
a re-use center and fewer purchases. |
|
|
|
http://aec.army.mil/usaec/support/p203.html |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bowling Green State University (BGSU) -Orphan
Chemical Recycling Program |
|
|
|
Since April of 1993, approx. 4,000 lbs of solids
and 1,500 gals of liquids have been exchanged. |
|
Cost savings (purchase and disposal) approx
$370,000 to $460,000. |
|
|
|
http://www.bgsu.edu/offices/envhs/environmental_health/orphan_chemical/orphinfw.htm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Purpose of OMEx is to disseminate information on
surplus and/or waste materials available from or wanted by industrial and
commercial entities. |
|
|
|
A materials exchange program provides a
mechanism for recycling and reusing unwanted materials. The exchange
service provider maintains and distributes listings of materials available
and materials wanted from participants. |
|
http://www.epa.state.oh.us/ocapp/p2/omex/omexintro.html |
|
There is also a listing of other exchanges in
Ohio at http://www.epa.state.oh.us/ocapp/p2/omex/omexother.html |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A campus lab with 20 employees in Texas began
distilling xylene, ethanol and formaldehyde and reduced 3 tons of waste in
one year, saving $96,255 in purchasing costs and $7,280 in disposal
costs. A total savings of $103,535. |
|
Many common lab solvents like acetone, MEK,
methanol, methylene chloride, xylene and toluene may be recovered,
distilled and reused. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
For more information on this technology, see Ohio EPA’s OCAPP Fact Sheet “On-Site
Solvent Recycling Equipment”, which includes a list of vendors at: http://www.epa.state.oh.us/opp/solvents/fact9.pdf |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
A lab in Arizona reduced hazardous waste
generation by 87% in one year by training employees to segregate waste. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Microscaling |
|
Computer Simulation or Video Demonstration |
|
Alternative methods vs. “Wet” Chemistry |
|
Green Chemistry |
|
|
|
|
Microscale chemistry is a P2 method that
decreases the amount of chemical waste generated during laboratory
experiments. In some cases, the
amount of a chemical needed for an experiment has been reduced by 99%. |
|
|
|
|
Improve lab safety by reducing potential
exposure to chemicals and reducing fire and explosion hazards. |
|
Improve air quality due to reduced volumes of
solvents and other volatile substances used. |
|
Reduce costs for chemical purchase and disposal. |
|
Reduce chemical waste produced at the source. |
|
Reduce the time required to perform experiments
due to shorter chemical reaction times. |
|
Decrease the amount of storage space necessary
for chemicals. |
|
Encourage students/staff to think about waste
minimization. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Bemidji Sate University in MN reduced their
chemistry lab waste by almost 35% by downsizing instructional lab
experiments for its 3,350 students enrolled in chemistry classes. |
|
Total waste was decreased from approximately
10,400 liters to 100 liters. The volume of waste generated per student was
reduced from 3.1 liters to .03 liters |
|
$35,000 was saved annually. |
|
See web site for case study:http://mntap.umn.edu/intern/projects/BSU.htm |
|
|
|
|
STL, Inc. in Austin, TX, 62 employees, RCRA LQG
Generator |
|
Modified extractors to reduce amount of
methylene chloride used by 35%, still adhering to U.S. EPA guidelines for
sample prep. |
|
Reduced Methylene Chloride use of 5.5 tons per
year, estimated annual savings of $15,000 in 2002, may become an SQG . |
|
See website for case study: http://www.zerowastenetwork.org/success/story.cfm?ID=495 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
U.S. EPA awarded Bristol-Myers Squibb a
Presidential Green Chemistry Challenge Award in 2004- Developed a Green Synthesis for Taxol® |
|
Changed process to use plant cell cultures to
ferment the active drug substance instead of bark of Pacific yew tree. |
|
Reduced workplace exposure to solvents. |
|
Process prevents more than 240 metric tons of
biomass waste and 6.4 metric tons of hazardous waste from being generated
annually. |
|
Removed 10 specific solvents from the process. |
|
http://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/aspa04.html |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
U.S. EPA awarded BHC a Presidential Green
Chemistry Challenge Award in 1997- Developed
a new synthetic process to manufacture ibuprofen |
|
|
|
Material substitution- acetic acid for aluminum
chloride |
|
Acetic acid is recovered and re-used at a rate
of 99% |
|
Reduction of 8 million pounds of waste |
|
Process re-engineered from 40% to 77% efficiency |
|
The 6
step manufacturing process was reduced
to 3 steps |
|
http://www.epa.gov/greenchemistry/aspa97.html |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Practical Advantages: |
|
Teaches the core lab skills and green chemistry
problem solving |
|
Reduces hazards and reliance on hoods |
|
Uses macro- and micro-scale methods |
|
Illustrates state-of-the-art reaction chemistry
and methods |
|
Is readily implemented in the teaching lab |
|
http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~hutchlab/greenchem/organiclab.html |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Unexpected Benefits: |
|
Teaches objective evaluation of hazards |
|
Provides students with a rational procedure for
analyzing/minimizing hazards |
|
Empowers students to use chemistry to solve
environmental problems - " Ambassadors of Green Chemistry" |
|
Changes the way students and society view
chemicals, chemistry, and chemists - "Know the hazards. Not all
chemicals are hazardous." |
|
|
|
|
|
|
3570 and 3511 Microscale |
|
3051, 3015 and 3052 Microwave Assisted Digestion |
|
|
|
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/new-meth.htm |
|
|
|
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hazwaste/test/3_series.htm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Benefits |
|
Reduction in sample prep time, sample storage
and disposal. |
|
Use of beakers, watch glasses and cleaning steps
were eliminated saving labor costs. |
|
|
|
Costs |
|
Initial capital investment of $15,000- $20,000
for set up. |
|
|
|
http://www.p2000.umich.edu/chemical_waste/cw5.htm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
US EPA Enforcement Actions |
|
University of Hawaii was assessed a fine of $1.8
million dollars in 1998-1999 after Region 9 found dangerous chemicals
buried for years in the basement of Honolulu campus’s main chemistry
building. |
|
|
|
University of New Hampshire was fined $49,000
and will spend $147,000 on SEP after Region 1 filed a consent decree in
2000. |
|
|
|
Boston University was fined approx $253,000 and
will pay $500,000 for community projects for a Region 1 consent decree for
RCRA and CWA violations in 1995. |
|
|
|
|
US EPA Enforcement Actions |
|
In September 2004 US EPA and the University of
California (UC) settled a case resolving 98 RCRA violations. |
|
|
|
Violations involved 4,000 containers of
hazardous waste. |
|
|
|
UC estimated that it spent $1.78 million and
23,645 staff hours since 2001 completing an environmental audit of 47
university facilities. |
|
|
|
http://www.epa.gov/Compliance/resources/newsletters/civil/enfalert/labalert.pdf |
|
|
|
|
|
|
US EPA Region 2 http://www.epa.gov/region02/p2/college/ |
|
|
|
Web site contains lots of information with links
to self-audit and P2 manuals on the web. |
|
|
|
To date, 93 colleges and universities in New
York, New Jersey and Puerto Rico have come forward to disclose more than
one thousand violations to EPA. Most of them have been granted a 100%
waiver of certain penalties totaling more than $10 million. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
From 1993-2003 Reduced Hazardous Waste Generated
76.5% |
|
Comply with waste min reporting requirements by
the Department of Energy (DOE), the State of California, the University of
California and the Lab itself |
|
Requirements include: |
|
Annually
revise the Waste Minimization and Pollution Prevention Awareness
Plan (WMPPAP), |
|
Annual waste min and procurement reports, |
|
Have a Lab Employee Awareness Program |
|
Campaign, awards, recognition, information
exchange, training |
|
http://www.lbl.gov/ehs/wastemin/index.html |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
UM launched in 1995 using the following tools: |
|
|
|
Education (including micro-scale teaching) |
|
Protocol Review |
|
Non-haz product substitution |
|
Solvent distillation |
|
Chemical tracking system |
|
Chemical redistribution system (Exchange
program) |
|
|
|
Program saves more than $200,000 annually in
disposal and purchase of new chemicals |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Yearly Measurement of P2 Activities/Outcomes |
|
Complete a list of hazardous Chemicals of
Concern and verify they are within a defined “shelf life.” |
|
Identify one P2 assessment per lab per year,
focusing on waste stream or similar processes. |
|
Increase by 20% from baseline the quantity of
haz materials and waste redistributed to labs. |
|
Reduce haz waste generation by 10% from
baseline. |
|
Assess and demonstrate improvement of
environmental awareness of lab workers. |
|
Achieve objectives and targets defined on the
Environmental Management Plan and record improvement. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Environmental Virtual Campus |
|
This project was undertaken by the Massachusetts
Institute of Technology (MIT) for settlement of an enforcement action
brought by the USEPA and the US Department of Justice |
|
|
|
http://www.c2e2.org/evc/LabIndex.html |
|
|
|
|
|
|
US EPA Sector Programs for Colleges and
Universities |
|
|
|
The Sector Strategies Program works
collaboratively with 12 sectors to improve environmental performance while
reducing regulatory burden and providing an expert staff liaison for each
sector in the program. |
|
|
|
Web site has links to resources :http://www.epa.gov/sectors/colleges/index.html |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Lab Waste and P2- A Guide for Teachers by
Battelle Seattle Research Center |
|
|
|
This guide explains how hazardous wastes and
other undesirable by-products generated by experiments that are performed
in classroom labs can be minimized. It is intended for middle school, high
school, and college science teachers. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
US EPA Schools Chemical Cleanout Campaign (SC3) |
|
|
|
In summer of 2004, EPA provided initial funding
to the ten regions to support Schools Chemical Cleanout Campaign (SC3)
programs. Each region is using this money to fund former, current or newly
developed school cleanout programs in schools with a self-identified need
for assistance. |
|
http://www.epa.gov/epaoswer/osw/conserve/clusters/schools/index.htm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Region 5 |
|
Regional Contact: Maryann Suero
suero.maryann@epa.gov
(312) 886-9077 |
|
|
|
Funds for the SC3 will be used to assist an
under-served area in school chemical cleanouts in Region 5. Within the
designated area, schools will be given the option to participate in a
one-time disposal of expired and used lab chemicals and will also be given
the option to participate in a voluntary audit of their lab. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
US EPA Healthy School Environments |
|
|
|
Chemical Use & Management |
|
Chemical purchasing and management contributes
to a healthy school environment, so consider the possible health, safety
and environmental implications before buying a particular chemical. |
|
|
|
http://cfpub.epa.gov/schools/index.cfm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Albany Medical College 1995-2004 saved $327,000 |
|
|
|
Purchased 5 gallon capacity unit to recycle
formaldehyde waste. Cost: $10,000. |
|
Recycled approx. 40,000 gallons. |
|
Saved $185,000 in disposal costs and $142,000 in
purchase of chemicals. |
|
|
|
http://www.sustainablehospitals.org/cgi-bin/DB_Report.cgi?px=W&rpt=Subcat&id=18!21 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Checklists |
|
Guidance Documents |
|
Programs |
|
Training/Conferences |
|
Comprehensive listing of resources used for this
training |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
LabX.com is a media service founded in 1995,
provides a forum where buyers and sellers of new, used, surplus,
refurbished scientific, and lab equipment can find an item, negotiate the
terms, and complete a purchase online. |
|
|
|
http://www.labx.com/ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The National Nanotechnology Initiative (NNI) is
a federal R&D program established to coordinate the multiagency efforts
in nanoscale science, engineering, and technology. |
|
Twenty-two federal agencies participate in the
Initiative, including U.S. EPA |
|
http://www.nano.gov/ |
|
|
|
|
|
Concerning human health and environmental
effects, fate and transport of nanomaterials, and continuous environmental monitoring/sensing applications
(essentially transporting the laboratory to the sample source) |
|
|
|
USEPA funded 32 research grants for more than
$11 million in the applications of nanotechnology through the Office of
Research and Development’s National Center for Environmental Research |
|
http://es.epa.gov/ncer/nano/ |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Drug delivery systems, including implantable
devices that automatically administer drugs and sense drug
levels;
• Medical diagnostic tools: cancer
tagging mechanisms and lab-on-a-chip, real time diagnostics for
physicians;
• Cooling chips or wafers to replace compressors in cars, refrigerators,
air conditioners and multiple other devices, utilizing no chemicals or
moving parts;
• Sensors for airborne chemicals or other
toxins;
• Photovoltaics (solar cells), fuel cells and portable power to provide
inexpensive, clean energy, and
• New high-performance materials. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Notes